Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Jet Treatment of Polymers Enables Reagent-Free Covalent Attachment of Biomolecules for Bioprinting
3D bioprinting, where cells, hydrogels and structural polymers can be printed layer by layer into complex designs, holds great promise for advances in medicine and the biomedical sciences. In principle, this technique enables the creation of highly patient specific disease models and biomedical implants.
However, an ability to tailor surface biocompatibility and interfacial bonding between printed components, such as polymers and hydrogels, is currently lacking. Here we demonstrate that an atmospheric pressure plasma jet (APPJ) can locally activate polymeric surfaces for the reagent-free covalent attachment of proteins and hydrogel in a single-step process at desired locations.
Polyethylene and poly--caprolactone (PCL) were used as example polymers. Covalent attachment of the proteins and hydrogel was demonstrated by resistance to removal by rigorous sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) washing. The immobilized protein and hydrogel layers were analyzed using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS).
Importantly, the APPJ surface activation also rendered the polymer surfaces mildly hydrophilic as required for optimum biocompatibility.
Water contact angles were observed to be stable within a range where the conformation of biomolecules is preserved. Single and double electrode designs of APPJs were compared in their characteristics relevant to localized surface functionalization, plume length and shape. As a proof of efficacy in a biological context, APPJ treated polyethylene functionalized with fibronectin was used to demonstrate improvements in cell adhesion and proliferation.
These results have important implications for the development of a new generation of 3D bioprinters capable of spatially patterned and tailored surface functionalization performed during the 3D printing process in situ.
EZ Taq Polymerase (HotStart) |
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Maximo H-SPlus Taq DNA Polymerase (for Hot-Start PCR) |
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Real-Time PCR Mastermix 2x, Low Level of Rox , 100RXNs, optimized ready-to-use mastermix containing unique reaction buffer, dNTP, Hot-Start Taq DNA polymerase, and QPCR dye |
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2X PCR SensTaq HotStart MasterMix with Dye |
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Bloodirect DNA Polymerase (PCR) |
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Long-Range DNA Polymerase (PCR) |
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Cheetah Hot Start Taq DNA Polymerase |
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Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 500EU |
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Description: High quality HotTaq polymerase for different PCR variations and downstream applications. |
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Description: High quality HotTaq polymerase for different PCR variations and downstream applications. |
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Description: High quality HotTaq polymerase for different PCR variations and downstream applications. |
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Description: High quality HotTaq polymerase for different PCR variations and downstream applications. |
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Description: High quality HotTaq polymerase for different PCR variations and downstream applications. |
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Reversible 1-min Hot Start Taq DNA Polymerase |
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Reversible 1-min Hot Start Taq DNA Polymerase |
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DNA Polymerase |
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DNA Polymerase |
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Hot Start Taq DNA Polymerase - 1000 units with seperate dNTP mix |
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Genorise® 2 x qPCR HotStart Super Mix |
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Genorise® 2 x qPCR HotStart Master Mix |
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one-Fusion DNA Polymerase (high-speed-fidelity PCR) |
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one-Fusion DNA Polymerase (high-speed-fidelity PCR) |
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HotStart Enzyme Modification Kit, 0.1 mg Reaction |
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Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 0.1mg |
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HotStart Enzyme Modification Kit, 0.5 mg Reaction |
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Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 0.5mg |
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T4 DNA Polymerase |
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T4 DNA Polymerase |
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DNA polymerase ? (Rat) |
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Description: The DNA polymerase ? (Rat) is available in Europe and for worldwide shipping via Gentaur. |
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Description: The DNA polymerase ? (Rat) is available in Europe and for worldwide shipping via Gentaur. |
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Taq DNA Polymerase |
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Description: High quality Taq polymerase for different PCR variations and downstream applications. |
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Description: High quality Taq polymerase for different PCR variations and downstream applications. |
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Description: High quality Taq polymerase for different PCR variations and downstream applications. |
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Description: High quality Pfu polymerase for different PCR variations and downstream applications. |
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Description: High quality Pfu polymerase for different PCR variations and downstream applications. |
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Description: High quality Pfu polymerase for different PCR variations and downstream applications. |
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Description: High quality Taq polymerase for different PCR variations and downstream applications. |
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Description: High quality Taq polymerase for different PCR variations and downstream applications. |
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Description: High quality Taq polymerase for different PCR variations and downstream applications. |
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Bst DNA Polymerase |
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Description: Recombinant Pfu DNA Polymerase |
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Taq DNA Polymerase (3000U) |
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Improved HPLC Conditions to Determine Eumelanin and Pheomelanin Contents in Biological Samples Using an Ion Pair Reagent
Alkaline hydrogen peroxide oxidation (AHPO) of eumelanin and pheomelanin, two major classes of melanin pigments, affords pyrrole-2,3,5-tricarboxylic acid (PTCA), pyrrole-2,3-dicarboxylic acid (PDCA) and pyrrole-2,3,4,5-tetracarboxylic acid (PTeCA) from eumelanin and thiazole-2,4,5-tricarboxylic acid (TTCA) and thiazole-4,5-dicarboxylic acid (TDCA) from pheomelanin. Quantification of these five markers by HPLC provides useful information on the quantity and structural diversity of melanins in various biological samples.
HPLC analysis of these markers using the original method of 0.1 M potassium phosphate buffer (pH 2.1):methanol = 99:1 (85:15 for PTeCA) on a reversed-phase column had some problems, including the short lifetime of the column and, except for the major eumelanin marker PTCA, other markers were occasionally overlapped by interfering peaks in samples containing only trace levels of these markers.
These problems can be overcome by the addition of an ion pair reagent for anions, such as tetra-n-butylammonium bromide (1 mM), to retard the elution of di-, tri- and tetra-carboxylic acids.
The methanol concentration was increased to 17% (30% for PTeCA) and the linearity, reproducibility, and recovery of the markers with this improved method is good to excellent. This improved HPLC method was compared to the original method using synthetic melanins, mouse hair, human hair, and human epidermal samples. In addition to PTCA, TTCA, a major marker for pheomelanin, showed excellent correlations between both HPLC methods.
The other markers showed an attenuation of the interfering peaks with the improved method. We recommend this improved HPLC method for the quantitative analysis of melanin markers following AHPO because of its simplicity, accuracy, and reproducibility.
Recombinant Taq Plus DNA Polymerase |
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Taq Plus DNA Polymerase, 5u/ul |
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Recombinant (E.Coli) Taq Plus DNA Polymerase |
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Taq DNA Polymerase (Mg2+ plus Buffer) |
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Taq DNA Polymerase (Mg2+ plus Buffer) |
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Taq DNA Polymerase (Mg2+ plus Buffer) |
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Taq DNA Polymerase (PCR) |
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Taq DNA Polymerase (PCR) |
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Taq DNA Polymerase (PCR) |
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HotStart Taq DNA Polymerase (Mg2+ Plus Buffer) |
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Taq DNA Polymerase (Mg2+ plus Buffer, with dNTP) |
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Taq DNA Polymerase (Mg2+ plus Buffer, with dNTP) |
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Taq DNA Polymerase (Mg2+ plus Buffer, with dNTP) |
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Taq DNA Polymerase |
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Description: High quality Taq polymerase for different PCR variations and downstream applications. |
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Taq DNA Polymerase |
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Description: High quality Taq polymerase for different PCR variations and downstream applications. |
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Taq DNA Polymerase |
|||
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Description: High quality Taq polymerase for different PCR variations and downstream applications. |
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Description: High quality Taq polymerase for different PCR variations and downstream applications. |
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Description: High quality Taq polymerase for different PCR variations and downstream applications. |
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Description: High quality Taq polymerase for different PCR variations and downstream applications. |
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Taq DNA Polymerase |
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Taq DNA Polymerase |
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Taq DNA Polymerase |
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KD Plus DNA Polymerase Enzyme |
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KD Plus DNA Polymerase Enzyme |
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KD Plus DNA Polymerase Enzyme |
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Maximo DFS-Plus Taq DNA Polymerase DNA-free |
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Maximo DFS-Plus Taq DNA Polymerase DNA-free |
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Taq DNA Polymerase (3000U) |
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Taq DNA Polymerase (1000U) |
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Taq DNA Polymerase (500U) |
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Taq HS DNA Polymerase |
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Taq HS DNA Polymerase |
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Taq HS DNA Polymerase |
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Taq DNA polymerase (+dNTPs) |
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| 02-001 | Sceti | 200U | EUR 183.6 |
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Description: The Taq DNA polymerase (+dNTPs) is available in Europe and for worldwide shipping via Gentaur. |
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Taq DNA polymerase (+dNTPs) |
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| 02-001-5 | Sceti | 5×200U | EUR 308.4 |
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Description: The Taq DNA polymerase (+dNTPs) is available in Europe and for worldwide shipping via Gentaur. |
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Taq DNA polymerase (-dNTPs) |
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| 02-011 | Sceti | 200U | EUR 168 |
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Description: The Taq DNA polymerase (-dNTPs) is available in Europe and for worldwide shipping via Gentaur. |
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Taq DNA polymerase (-dNTPs) |
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| 02-011-5 | Sceti | 5×200U | EUR 261.6 |
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Description: The Taq DNA polymerase (-dNTPs) is available in Europe and for worldwide shipping via Gentaur. |
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Maximo Taq DNA Polymerase |
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TaqFast DNA Polymerase (PCR) |
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TaqFast DNA Polymerase (PCR) |
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Hotstart Taq DNA Polymerase |
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Hotstart Taq DNA Polymerase |
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Champagne Taq DNA Polymerase |
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Champagne Taq DNA Polymerase |
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Champagne Taq DNA Polymerase |
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ACTaq? Taq DNA Polymerase, 1000U |
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Taq DNA Polymerase - 5,000 units |
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ACTaq? Taq DNA Polymerase, 250U |
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Recombinant Taq Dna Polymerase |
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Recombinant Taq Dna Polymerase |
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Taq DNA Polymerase (Recombinant) |
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| abx073521-10000U | Abbexa | 10000 U | EUR 710.4 |
Taq DNA Polymerase (Recombinant) |
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| abx073521-1000U | Abbexa | 1000 U | EUR 276 |
Taq DNA Polymerase (Recombinant) |
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| abx073521-3000U | Abbexa | 3000 U | EUR 393.6 |
Recombinant Taq DNA Polymerase |
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| 7-03634 | CHI Scientific | 1,000U | Ask for price |
Recombinant Taq DNA Polymerase |
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Recombinant Taq DNA Polymerase |
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| 7-03636 | CHI Scientific | 10,000U | Ask for price |
Taq DNA Polymerase, 5u/ul |
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| B0089(D0089) | Bio Basic | 5X200U | EUR 112.2 |
Genorise® Taq DNA Polymerase |
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| GR108007 | Genorise Scientific | 200 tests | EUR 230 |
YEA taq DNA Polymerase wiodNTP |
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| FYT011-500U | Yeastern Biotech | 500U | Ask for price |
Maximo H-SPlus Taq DNA Polymerase (for Hot-Start PCR) |
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| S400 | GeneOn | 200 units | EUR 86.4 |
Maximo H-SPlus Taq DNA Polymerase (for Hot-Start PCR) |
|||
| S410 | GeneOn | 1000 units | EUR 231.6 |
ACTaq? Taq Blue DNA Polymerase, 1000U |
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| E2100B-1000U | ACTGene | each | EUR 272.4 |
ACTaq? Taq Blue DNA Polymerase, 250U |
|||
| E2100B-250U | ACTGene | each | EUR 126 |
Human DNA Polymerase Beta Assay Kit Plus |
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| DPB100KE | ProFoldin | 100 assays | EUR 448.28 |
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Description: This product includes 0.800 ml of 10 x Buffer BP, 0.055 ml of 100x DNA template, 0.055 ml of 100 x dNTP mix, 0.055 ml of 100 x human DNA polymerase beta, 22 ml of Reagent U and 0.420 ml of 10 x fluorescence dye for 100 assays of human DNA polymerase reactions in a 96-well plate format. |
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Human DNA Polymerase Gamma Assay Kit Plus |
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| DPG100KE | ProFoldin | 100 assays | EUR 467.15 |
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Description: This product includes all the assay kit components for 100 assays in 384-well plate assay format: 400 ul of 10 x Buffer, 33 ul of 100 x DNA template, 33 ul of 100 x dNTP mix, 33 ul of 100 x human DNA polymerase gamma, 1550 ul of 2 x Dye, 1550 ul of 50 mM EDTA. |
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Human DNA Polymerase Alpha Assay Kit Plus |
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| HDPA100KE1 | ProFoldin | 100 assays | EUR 624.67 |
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Description: This product includes all the assay kit components for 100 assays in 384-well plate assay format: 400 µl of 10 x Buffer, 33 µl of 100 x DNA template, 33 µl of 100 x dNTP mix, 30 µl of 100 x human DNA polymerase alpha (4 µM), 1550 µl of 2 x Dye, 1550 µl of 50 mM EDTA. |
|||
Recombinant (E.Coli) Taq DNA Polymerase |
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| RP-394 | Alpha Diagnostics | 1000 IU | EUR 196.8 |
Taq DNA Polymerase, 5 units/µl |
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| ABP-PP-ERTQ001 | Allele Biotech | 1000U | Ask for price |
Taq DNA Polymerase, 5 units/µl |
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| ABP-PP-ERTQ100 | Allele Biotech | 100U | Ask for price |
Taq DNA Polymerase, 5 units/µl |
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| ABP-PP-ERTQ200 | Allele Biotech | 200U | Ask for price |
Taq DNA Polymerase, 5 units/µl |
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| ABP-PP-ERTQ500 | Allele Biotech | 500U | Ask for price |
YEA taq DNA Polymerase wi dNTP |
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| FYT001-500U | Yeastern Biotech | 500U | Ask for price |
Vazyme LAmp DNA Polymerase (Mg2+ plus buffer) |
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| P301-01 | Vazyme | 125 U | EUR 145.2 |
Vazyme LAmp DNA Polymerase (Mg2+ plus buffer) |
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| P301-02 | Vazyme | 500 U | EUR 210 |
Taq DNA Polymerase Polyclonal Antibody |
|||
| 7018-100 | Biovision | each | EUR 424.8 |
Taq DNA Polymerase Polyclonal Antibody |
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| 7018-30T | Biovision | each | EUR 175.2 |